William D. Bowman is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado at Boulder, affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Mountain Research Station, and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. He earned his Ph.D. from Duke University. Dr. Bowman has taught courses in introductory ecology, plant ecology, plant-soil interactions, and ecosystems ecology, and for over three decades he directed undergraduate summer field courses and research programs. His research focuses on the intersections of physiological ecology, community dynamics, and ecosystem function, particularly in the context of environmental change.

Sally D. Hacker is a Professor at Oregon State University, Corvallis, where she has been a faculty member since 2004. She has taught courses in introductory ecology, community ecology, and marine biology. She is particularly interested in promoting active and experiential learning for students interested in ecology and field experiences. Dr.

Hacker's research explores the structure, function, and services of natural and managed ecosystems under varying contexts of species interactions and global change. She has conducted research with plants and animals in rocky intertidal, estuarine, and coastal dune ecosystems. Her work has most recently focused on the protective role of coastal ecosystems in mitigating the vulnerability from climate change.

• Chapter 1 The Web of Life


• Unit 1 Organisms and Their Environment


• Chapter 2 The Physical Environment


• Chapter 3 The Biosphere


• Chapter 4 Coping with Environmental Variation: Temperature and Water


• Chapter 5 Coping with Environmental Variation: Energy


• Unit 2 Evolutionary Ecology


• Chapter 6 Evolution and Ecology


• Chapter 7 Life History


• Chapter 8 Behavioral Ecology


• Unit 3 Populations


• Chapter 9 Population Distribution and Abundance


• Chapter 10 Population Dynamics


• Chapter 11 Population Growth and Regulation


• Unit 4 Species Interactions


• Chapter 12 Predation


• Chapter 13 Parasitism


• Chapter 14 Competition


• Chapter 15 Mutualism and Commensalism


• Unit 5 Communities


• Chapter 16 The Nature of Communities


• Chapter 17 Change in Communities


• Chapter 18 Biogeography


• Chapter 19 Species Diversity in Communities


• Unit 6 Ecosystems


• Chapter 20 Production


• Chapter 21 Energy Flow and Food Webs


• Chapter 22 Nutrient Supply and Cycling


• Unit 7 Applied and Large-Scale Ecology


• Chapter 23 Conservation Biology


• Chapter 24 Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Management


• Chapter 25 Global Ecology