IFIOK OTUNG, holds a PhD in Satellite Communications from the University of Surrey, UK and First-Class Honours and Master's degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Ife, Nigeria. He is a Chartered Engineer and award-winning academic who has made significant contributions to engineering education and research around the world over many years, especially in the UK, Europe, US, Canada, India, China, Japan and Africa. His professional memberships include the IET (Institution of Engineering and Technology) and AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics). For more information on Professor Otung's professional affiliations and work, see [...]

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxiii

About the Companion Website xxv

1 Overview of Communication Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Nonelectrical Telecommunication 2

1.2.1 Verbal Nonelectrical Telecommunication 2

1.2.2 Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication 3

1.2.2.1 Flags, Smoke, and Bonfires 3

1.2.2.2 Heliography 4

1.2.2.3 Semaphore 4

1.2.2.4 Demerits of Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication 5

1.3 Modern Telecommunication 5

1.3.1 Developments in Character Codes 7

1.3.1.1 Morse Code 7

1.3.1.2 Baudot Code 7

1.3.1.3 Hollerith Code 8

1.3.1.4 EBCDIC Code 9

1.3.1.5 ASCII Code 9

1.3.1.6 ISO 8859 Code 10

1.3.1.7 Unicode 11

1.3.2 Developments in Services 13

1.3.2.1 Telegram 13

1.3.2.2 Telex 14

1.3.2.3 Facsimile 14

1.3.2.4 The Digital Era 15

1.3.3 Developments in Transmission Media 16

1.3.3.1 Copper Cable 17

1.3.3.2 Radio 18

1.3.3.3 Optical Fibre 19

1.4 Communication System Elements 21

1.4.1 Information Source 21

1.4.1.1 Audio Input Devices 22

1.4.1.2 Video Input Devices 23

1.4.1.3 Data Input Devices 23

1.4.1.4 Sensors 23

1.4.2 Information Sink 24

1.4.2.1 Audio Output Device 24

1.4.2.2 Visual Display Devices 26

1.4.2.3 Storage Devices 28

1.4.3 Transmitter 29

1.4.4 Receiver 31

1.5 Classification of Communication Systems 32

1.5.1 Simplex Versus Duplex Communication Systems 32

1.5.2 Analogue Versus Digital Communication Systems 33

1.5.3 Baseband Versus Modulated Communication Systems 35

1.5.3.1 Analogue Baseband Communication System 35

1.5.3.2 Discrete Baseband Communication System 36

1.5.3.3 Digital Baseband Communication System 41

1.5.3.4 Modulated Communication Systems 44

1.5.4 Circuit Versus Packet Switching 47

1.5.4.1 Circuit Switching 48

1.5.4.2 Packet Switching 50

1.6 Epilogue 53

References 53

Review Questions 53

2 Introduction to Signals and Systems 57

2.1 Introduction 57

2.2 What Is a Signal? 58

2.3 Forms of Telecommunication Signals 58

2.4 Subjective Classification of Telecommunication Signals 60

2.4.1 Speech 60

2.4.2 Music 62

2.4.3 Video 63

2.4.4 Digital Data 64

2.4.5 Facsimile 64

2.4.6 Ancillary and Control Signals 65

2.5 Objective Classification of Telecommunication Signals 65

2.5.1 Analogue or Digital 65

2.5.2 Periodic or Nonperiodic 67

2.5.3 Deterministic or Random 68

2.5.4 Power or Energy 69

2.5.5 Even or Odd 69

2.6 Special Waveforms and Signals 71

2.6.1 Unit Step Function 74

2.6.2 Signum Function 74

2.6.3 Rectangular Pulse 75

2.6.4 Ramp Pulse 76

2.6.5 Triangular Pulse 77

2.6.6 Sawtooth and Trapezoidal Pulses 77

2.6.7 Unit Impulse Function 78

2.6.8 Sinc Function 79

2.7 Sinusoidal Signals 81

2.7.1 Qualitative Introduction 82

2.7.2 Parameters of a Sinusoidal Signal 83

2.7.2.1 Angle 86

2.7.2.2 Amplitude 87

2.7.2.3 Angular Frequency 87

2.7.2.4 Frequency 87

2.7.2.5 Period 88

2.7.2.6 Wavelength 88

2.7.2.7 Initial Phase 88

2.7.2.8 Phase Difference 89

2.7.3 Addition of Sinusoids 92

2.7.3.1 Same Frequency and Phase 93

2.7.3.2 Same Frequency but Different Phases 93

2.7.3.3 Multiple Sinusoids of Different Frequencies 97

2.7.3.4 Beats Involving Two Sinusoids 97

2.7.4 Multiplication of Sinusoids 99

2.8 Logarithmic Units 99

2.8.1 Logarithmic Units for System Gain 101

2.8.2 Logarithmic Units for Voltage, Power, and Other Quantities 102

2.8.3 Logarithmic Unit Dos and Don'ts 104

2.9 Calibration of a Signal Transmission Path 107

2.10 Systems and Their Properties 109

2.10.1 Memory 109

2.10.2 Stability 111

2.10.3 Causality 112

2.10.4 Linearity 113

2.10.5 Time Invariance 116

2.10.6 Invertibility 118

2.11 Summary 121

Questions 122

3 Time Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems 127

3.1 Introduction 127

3.2 Basic Signal Operations 128

3.2.1 Time Shifting (Signal Delay and Advance) 128

3.2.2 Time Reversal 130

3.2.3 Time Scaling 132

3.3 Random Signals 134

3.3.1 Random Processes 134

3.3.2 Random Signal Parameters 135

3.3.3 Stationarity and Ergodicity 138

3.4 Standard Distribution Functions 139

3.4.1 Gaussian or Normal Distribution 139

3.4.2 Rayleigh Distribution 143

3.4.3 Lognormal Distribution 148

3.4.4 Rician Distribution 153

3.4.5 Exponential and Poisson Distributions 157

3.5 Signal Characterisation 162

3.5.1 Mean 162

3.5.2 Power 163

3.5.3 Energy 167

3.5.4 Root-mean-square Value 168

3.5.5 Autocorrelation 171

3.5.6 Covariance and Correlation Coefficient 176

3.6 Linear Time Invariant System Analysis 180

3.6.1 LTI System Response 181

3.6.2 Evaluation of Convolution Integral 186

3.6.3 Evaluation of Convolution Sum 190

3.6.4 Autocorrelation and Convolution 196

3.7 Summary 197

References 198

Questions 198

4 Frequency Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems 203

4.1 Introduction 203

4.2 Fourier Series 205

4.2.1 Sinusoidal Form of Fourier Series 206

4.2.1.1 Time Shifting 211

4.2.1.2 Time Reversal 212

4.2.1.3 Even and Odd Functions 212

4.2.1.4 Piecewise Linear Functions 214

4.2.2 Complex Exponential Form of Fourier Series 222

4.2.3 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 224

4.2.3.1 Double-sided Spectrum 227

4.2.3.2 Single-sided Spectrum 228

4.2.4 Fourier Series Application to Selected Waveforms 235

4.2.4.1 Flat-top-sampled Signal 235

4.2.4.2 Binary ASK Signal and Sinusoidal Pulse Train 243

4.2.4.3 Trapezoidal Pulse Train 248

4.3 Fourier Transform 253

4.3.1 Properties of the Fourier Transform 257

4.3.1.1 Even and Odd Functions 257

4.3.1.2 Linearity 258

4.3.1.3 Time Shifting 258

4.3.1.4 Frequency Shifting 258

4.3.1.5 Time Scaling 258

4.3.1.6 Time Reversal 259

4.3.1.7 Complex Conjugation 259

4.3.1.8 Duality 259

4.3.1.9 Differentiation 259

4.3.1.10 Integration 260

4.3.1.11 Multiplication 260

4.3.1.12 Convolution 260

4.3.1.13 Areas 260

4.3.1.14 Energy 261

4.3.2 Table of Fourier Transforms 263

4.3.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals 268

4.4 Discrete Fourier Transform 270

4.4.1 Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform 275

4.4.1.1 Periodicity 275

4.4.1.2 Symmetry 276

4.4.2 Fast Fourier Transform 277

4.4.3 Practical Issues in DFT Implementation 283

4.4.3.1 Aliasing 283

4.4.3.2 Frequency Resolution 284

4.4.3.3 Spectral Leakage 285

4.4.3.4 Spectral Smearing 285

4.4.3.5 Spectral Density and Its Variance 288

4.5 Laplace and z-transforms 291

4.5.1 Laplace Transform 291

4.5.2 z-transform 292

4.6 Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency Domains 295

4.7 Frequency Domain Characterisation of LTI Systems 297

4.7.1 Transfer Function 297

4.7.2 Output Spectral Density of LTI Systems 301

4.7.3 Signal and System Bandwidths 302

4.7.3.1 Subjective Bandwidth 303

4.7.3.2 Null Bandwidth 303

4.7.3.3 3 dB Bandwidth 304

4.7.3.4 Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth 306

4.7.3.5 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 308

4.7.4 Distortionless Transmission 311

4.7.5 Attenuation and Delay Distortions 313

4.7.6 Nonlinear Distortions 314

4.8 Summary 316

References 317

Questions 317

5 Transmission Media 327

5.1 Introduction 327

5.2 Metallic Line Systems 328

5.2.1 Wire Pairs 328

5.2.2 Coaxial Cable 332

5.2.3 Attenuation in Metallic Lines 333

5.3 Transmission Line Theory 334

5.3.1 Incident and ReflectedWaves 337

5.3.2 Secondary Line Constants 338

5.3.3 Characteristic Impedance 340

5.3.4 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 342

5.3.5 StandingWaves 345

5.3.6 Line Impedance and Admittance 347

5.3.7 Line Termination and Impedance Matching 353

5.3.8 Scattering Parameters 359

5.3.9 Smith Chart 363

5.4 Optical Fibre 365

5.4.1 Optical Fibre Types 367

5.4.1.1 Single-mode Step Index 368

5.4.1.2 Multimode Step Index Fibre 368

5.4.1.3 Multimode Graded Index 369

5.4.2 Coupling of Light into Fibre 369

5.4.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibre 371

5.4.3.1 Intrinsic Fibre Loss 371

5.4.3.2 Extrinsic Fibre Loss 375

5.4.4 Dispersion in Optical Fibre 376

5.4.4.1 Intermodal Dispersion 376

5.4.4.2 Intramodal Dispersion 377

5.5 Radio 380

5.5.1 Maxwell's Equations 382

5.5.2 RadioWave Propagation Modes 384

5.5.2.1 GroundWave 386

5.5.2.2 SkyWave 386

5.5.2.3 Line-of-sight (LOS) 387

5.5.2.4 Satellite Communications 387

5.5.2.5 Mobile Communications 388

5.5.2.6 Ionospheric Scatter 388

5.5.2.7 Tropospheric Scatter 388

5.5.3 RadioWave Propagation Effects 388

5.5.3.1 Ionospheric Effects 388

5.5.3.2 Tropospheric Attenuation 390

5.5.3.3 Tropospheric Scintillation 393

5.5.3.4 Depolarisation 394

5.5.3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 395

5.5.4 Reflection and Refraction 397

5.5.5 Rough Surface Scattering 406