1. Economics and Economies
   • Economics and Global Issues
   • The Core of Economics
   • Different Economic Systems
   • The Nature of Economic Reasoning

Boxes

• What's the Latest Economics News?
• Looking at Macroeconomic Data
• The Opportunity Costs of Studying
• Scarcity and Abundance
• Command Economies
• Adam Smith (1723-90)
• Ceteris Paribus

• Demand
• Supply
• Price and Output Determination
• Elasticity
• The Time Dimension

Boxes

• UK House Prices
• Stock Market Prices
• Social Media Influencers and Their Effect on Demand Curves
• Any More Fares?
• *Using Calculus to Calculate the Price Elasticity Of Demand
• Digital Platforms
• Short Selling
• Dealing in Futures Markets

• The Control of Prices
• Indirect Taxes and subsidies
• Government Rejection of Market Allocation
• Agriculture and Agricultural Policy

Boxes

• A Minimum Unit Price for Alcohol
• The Impact on Prices Of Natural Disasters/Health Crises
• How Can Ticket Touts Make So Much Money?
• Ashes To Ashes?
• The Fallacy of Composition

• Marginal utility theory
• *The timing of costs and benefits
• *Indifference analysis

Boxes

• *Using Calculus to Derive a Marginal Utility Function
• The Marginal Utility Revolution: Jevons, Menger, Walras
• Taking Account of Time
• *Cash Versus Vouchers
• *Giffen Goods Versus Giffen Behaviour
• *Consumer Theory: A Further Approach

• Demand under conditions of risk and uncertainty
• Behavioural economics

Boxes

• Experimental Economics
• *the Endowment Effect
• The Best Made Plans
• *A Simple Experiment to Test For Social Preferences
• Nudging People

• The Short-Run Theory of Production
• Costs in the Short Run
• The Long-Run Theory of Production
• Costs in the Long Run
• Revenue
• Profit Maximisation

Boxes

• Malthus and the Dismal Science of Economics
• Diminishing Returns in The Bread Shop
• The Relationship Between Averages and Marginals
• *The Relationship BetweenTPP, MPPandAPP
• The Fallacy of Using Historic Costs
• Are Fixed Costs Always the Same as Sunk Costs?
• Cost Curves in Practice
• *The Cobb-Douglas Production Function
• Minimum Efficient Scale
• *Using Calculus to Find the Maximum Profit Output
• The Logic of Logistics

• Alternative Market Structures
• Perfect Competition
• Monopoly
• The Theory of Contestable Markets

Boxes

• Concentration Ratios
• Is Perfect Best?
• E-Commerce and Market Structure
• Google: A Monopoly Abusing Its Market Power?
• X Inefficiency
• Cut-Throat Competition
• Airline Deregulation in The USA And Europe

• Monopolistic Competition
• Oligopoly
• Game Theory
• Price Discrimination

Boxes

• Selling Ice Cream as A Student
• Declining Levels of Competition
• OPEC
• Buying Power
• The Prisoner's Dilemma
• What's The Train Fare to London?
• Personalised Pricing in Digital Markets
• Just the Ticket?

• Problems With Traditional Theory
• Behavioural Economics of the Firm
• Alternative Maximising Theories
• Asymmetric Information and the Principal Agent Problem
• Multiple Aims
• Pricing in Practice

Boxes

• What Do You Maximise?
• How Firms Increase Profits by Understanding Irrational Consumers
• Constraints On Firms Pricing
• When Is a Theory Not a Theory?
• Merger Activity
• Stakeholder Power?
• How Do Companies Set Prices?

• Wage Determination Under Perfect Competition
• Wage Determination in Imperfect Markets
• Capital and Profit
• Land and Rent

Boxes

• Labour As a Factor of Production
• *Using Indifference Curve Analysis to Derive the Individuals Supply Curve of Labour
• Immigration and the UK Labour Market
• Life at the Mill
• The Rise and Decline of The Labour Movement In The UK
• How Useful Is Marginal Productivity Theory?
• The Persistent Gender Pay Gap?
• Flexible Labour Markets and the Flexible Firm
• Behaviour at Work
• Stocks snd Flows
• The Economics of Non-Renewable Resources

• Inequality and Poverty
• Taxes, Benefits, and the Redistribution of Income

Boxes

• Poverty in the Past
• Minimum Wage Legislation
• The Laffer Curve
• *Tax Cuts and Incentives
• Replacing tax Credits with Universal Credit
• What the Future Holds

• Efficiency Under Perfect Competition
• The Case for Government Intervention
• Forms of Government Intervention
• *Cost/Benefit Analysis
• Government Failure and the Case for the Market

Boxes

• The Market for Vaccines
• The Police as a Public Service
• Should Health-Care Provision Be Left to The Market?
• Deadweight Loss from Taxes on Goods and Services
• *What Price a Human Life?
• *HS2: Is it Really Worth It?
• Mises, Hayek, and The Mont Pelerin Society

• Economics of the Environment
• Policies to Tackle Pollution and its Effects
• The Economics of Traffic Congestion
• Urban Transport Policies

Boxes

• The Economics of Biodiversity
• Green Taxes
• Placing A Price on CO2emissions
• International Co-Ordination on Climate Change
• Trading Our Way Out of Climate Change
• Road Pricing in Singapore

• Competition Policy
• Privatisation and Regulation

Boxes

• Fixing Prices at Mini-Golf Meetings?
• Expensive Chips?
• Ticketing Takeovers
• Selling Power to the People

• An Overview of Key Macroeconomic Issues
• Measuring National Income and Output
• The Business Cycle
• The Circular Flow of Income
• Unemployment
• Inflation
• The Open Economy

Boxes

• Which Country is Better Off?
• Can GDP Measure National Happiness?
• Output Gaps
• The Costs of Unemployment
• The Costs of Inflation
• The Phillips Curve
• Dealing In Foreign Exchange

• The Macroeconomic Environment and Debates
• Classical Macroeconomics
• The Keynesian Revolution
• The Rise of The Monetarist and New Classical Schools
• The Keynesian Response
• An Emerging Consensus Up to The Crisis Of 2008
• The Financial Crisis and The Covid-19 Pandemic

Boxes

• Balance the Budget at all Costs
• The Crowding-Out Effect
• Will Wage Cuts Cure Unemployment?
• Menu Costs
• The Paradox of Thrift

• Background To the Theory
• The Determination of National Income
• The Simple Keynesian Analysis of Unemployment and Inflation
• The Keynesian Analysis of The Business Cycle

Boxes

• *Using Calculus to Derive the MPC
• Confidence and Spending
• Deriving the Multiplier Formula
• Allowing for Inflation in the 45°- Line Diagram
• Has There Been an Accelerator Effect in the UK?
• Balance Sheets and the Business Cycle

• The Meaning and Functions of Money
• The Financial System
• The Supply of Money
• The Demand for Money
• Equilibrium

Boxes

• Money Supply, National Income and National Wealth
• the Growth of Banks Balance Sheets
• The Rise of Securitisation
• UK and Eurozone Monetary Aggregates
• *Calculating the Money Multiplier

• The Effects of Monetary Changes on National Income
• The Monetary Effects of Changes in The Goods Market
• Modelling The Interaction of Monetary Policy And The Goods...