Director John E. Hall works at the Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jackson, Mississippi.

UNIT I: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment"
Cells Are the Living Units of the Body
Extracellular Fluid-The "Internal Environment"
Homeostasis-Maintenance of a Stable Internal Environment
Control Systems of the Body
Physiological Variability
2. The Cell and Its Functions
Organization of the Cell
Cell Structure
Functional Systems of the Cell
Locomotion of Cells
3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
Cell Nucleus Genes Control Protein Synthesis
Transcription-Transfer of Cell Nucleus DNA Code to Cytoplasm RNA Code
Translation-Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes
Protein Enzymes Control Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
Regulation of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
The DNA-Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction
Cell Differentiation
Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death
Cancer

UNIT II: Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
The Cell Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
Diffusion
Active Transport of Substances Through Membranes
5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
Neuron Action Potential
Propagation of the Action Potential
Importance of Energy Metabolism for Reestablishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials Are Completed
Plateau in Some Action Potentials
Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues-Repetitive Discharge
Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
Excitation-The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential
6. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction
Energetics of Muscle Contraction
Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
7. Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission of Impulses From Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Muscle Action Potential
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
8. Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Regulation of Contraction By Calcium Ions
Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction

UNIT III: The Heart
9. Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
The Cardiac Cycle
Regulation of Heart Pumping
10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
11. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography
Waveforms of the Normal Electrocardiogram
Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle
Electrocardiographic Leads
12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and Its Significance
Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex
Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex
Current of Injury on the Electrocardiogram
Abnormalities in the T Wave
13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
Heart Block Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
Premature Contractions
Paroxysmal Tachycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter
Cardiac Arrest

UNIT IV: The Circulation
14. Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
15. Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
Vascular Distensibility
Arterial Pressure Pulsations
Veins and Their Functions
16. The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow
Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
Vasomotion Causes Intermittent Capillary Blood Flow
Exchange of Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid
Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries
Lymphatic System
17. Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
Local Blood Flow Is Controlled in Response to Tissue Needs
Mechanisms of Local Blood Flow Control
Humoral Control of the Circulation
18. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
19. Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Arterial Pressure Control
Summary of Integrated Multifaceted Systems for Arterial Pressure Regulation
20. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
Control of Cardiac Output By Venous Return-Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output
21. Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; The Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
Coronary Circulation
22. Heart Failure
Circulatory Dynamics in Heart Failure
Unilateral Left Heart Failure
Low-Output Cardiac Failure-Cardiogenic Shock
Edema in Patients With Heart Failure
Cardiac Reserve
Quantitative Graphic Analysis of Cardiac Failure
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
High-Output Heart Failure
23. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
Heart Sounds
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery
Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
24. Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment
Physiological Causes of Shock
Hypovolemic Shock Due to Hemorrhage
Distributive Shock Is Characterized By Severe Peripheral Vasodilation
Obstructive Shock Is Usually Due to Noncardiac Causes of Reduced Cardiac Output
Physiology of Treatment in Shock
Circulatory Arrest

UNIT V: The Body Fluids and Kidneys
25. Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema
Long-Term Steady-State Fluid and Solute Balance
Body Fluid Compartments
Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
Measurement of Body Fluid Volume-Indicator-Dilution Principle
Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
Glucose and Other Solutions for Nutrition
Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
Fluids in Potential Spaces of the Body
26. The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation By the Kidneys
Functions of the Kidneys
Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys
Urine Formation Results From Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
Micturition
27. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
Glomerular Filtration-The First Step in Urine Formation
Determinants of GFR
Renal Blood Flow
Physiological Control of GFR and Renal Blood Flow
Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow
28. Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Tubular Reabsorption Is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective
Passive and Active Mechanisms of Reabsorption
Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function
29. Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
Excretion of Excess Water by Dilute Urine
Conservation of Water by Concentrated Urine
Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism
Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
30. Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
Regulation of Internal Potassium Distribution
Renal Potassium Excretion
Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
Renal Phosphate Excretion
Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid and Distribution of Extracellular Fluid
Nervous and Hormonal Factors in Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control
Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
Conditions Causing Large Increases in Blood and Extracellular Fluid Volume
31. Acid-Base Regulation
Hydrogen Ion Concentration Regulation
Acids and Bases-Definitions
Defenses Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
Buffering of H+
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Phosphate Buffer System
Proteins as Intracellular Buffers
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance
Secretion and Reabsorption of H+ and HCO3− in Tubules
Generation of "New" HCO3− in the Tubule
Quantification of Renal Acid-Base Excretion
Renal Adjustment in Acidosis...