Morten Tolstrup has held a number of jobs for major DAS suppliers over the past decade, in multiple flagship DAS projects and deployments on a global scale. In addition to this, he spent 13 years in a number of different engineering positions with a mobile operator in Denmark, mainly focusing on indoor RF planning, tunnels, airports andSmall Cells. Morten has presented more than 100 papers, conference workshops and DAS training events around the world. This book is now the official textbook for a DAS planning Certification training program from a leading DAS supplier.

Foreword by Professor Simon Saunders xvii

Preface to the Third Edition xix

7 years! xix

Certified DAS Planning Training xix

More on 4G, Small Cells, Applications and RF Basics xx

Useful Tool? xx

Thanks! xx

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

This is Still Not a Book for Scientists! xxi

The Practical Approach xxii

Keep the Originals! xxii

Preface to the First Edition xxiii

This is Not a Book for Scientists xxiii

The Practical Approach xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Second Edition xxv

First Edition xxvi

1 Introduction 1

2 Overview of Cellular Systems 5

2.1 Mobile Telephony 5

2.1.1 Cellular Systems 5

2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General 8

2.1.3 The Cellular Concept 8

2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems 9

2.2 Introduction to GSM (2G) 10

2.2.1 GSM (2G) 10

2.2.2 2G/GSM Radio Features 11

2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM 16

2.2.4 GSM Signaling 22

2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture 25

2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System/3G 27

2.3.1 The Most Important 3G/UMTS Radio Design Parameters 28

2.3.2 The 3G/UMTS Radio Features 28

2.3.3 3G/UMTS Noise Control 38

2.3.4 3G/UMTS Handovers 42

2.3.5 UMTS/3G Power Control 46

2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation 49

2.3.7 UMTS Signaling 52

2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements 55

2.4 Introduction to HSPA 57

2.4.1 Introduction 57

2.4.2 Wi¿Fi 58

2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA 60

2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage 61

2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance 63

2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network 64

2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA 66

2.4.8 Short Introduction to HSPA+ 68

2.4.9 Conclusion 68

2.5 Modulation 69

2.5.1 Shannon's Formula 69

2.5.2 BPSK 70

2.5.3 QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 70

2.5.4 Higher Order Modulation 16¿64QAM 70

2.5.5 EVM Error Vector Magnitude 72

2.5.6 Adaptive Modulation, Planning for Highest Data Speed 72

2.6 Advanced Antenna Systems for 3G/4G 74

2.6.1 SISO/MIMO Systems 75

2.6.2 SISO, Single Input Single Output 75

2.6.3 SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output 76

2.6.4 MISO, Multiple Inputs Single Output 76

2.6.5 MIMO, Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs 77

2.6.6 Planning for Optimum Data Speeds Using MIMO 79

2.7 Short Introduction to 4G/LTE 80

2.7.1 Motivation behind LTE and E¿UTRAN 80

2.7.2 Key Features of LTE E¿UTRAN 82

2.7.3 System Architecture Evolution - SAE 84

2.7.4 EPS - Evolved Packet System 84

2.7.5 Evolved Packet Core Network - EPC 85

2.7.6 LTE Reference Points/Interfaces 87

2.7.7 The LTE RF Channel Bandwidth 87

2.7.8 OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 88

2.7.9 OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 89

2.7.10 SC¿FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 90

2.7.11 LTE Slot Structure 91

2.7.12 User Scheduling 92

2.7.13 Downlink Reference Signals 92

2.7.14 The 4G/LTE Channel 92

2.7.15 LTE Communication and Control Channels 93

2.7.16 Radio Resource Management in LTE 96

3 Indoor Radio Planning 111

3.1 Why is In¿building Coverage Important? 111

3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation 112

3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors 112

3.1.3 Some 70-80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings 112

3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case 112

3.1.5 Business Evaluation 113

3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level 113

3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution 113

3.2 Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer 114

3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions 114

3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users 115

3.3 The Indoor 3G/HSPA Challenge 117

3.3.1 3G Orthogonality Degradation 117

3.3.2 Power Load per User 120

3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building 120

3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load 120

3.3.5 3G/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion 121

3.4 Common 3G/4G Rollout Mistakes 122

3.4.1 The Macro Mistake 122

3.4.2 Do Not Apply 2G Strategies 123

3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan 3G/4G Indoor Coverage 123

3.5 The Basics of Indoor RF Planning 124

3.5.1 Isolation is the Key 124

3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation 124

3.5.3 The 'High¿rise Problem' 125

3.5.4 Radio Service Quality 128

3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels 129

3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept 129

3.6 RF Metrics Basics 131

3.6.1 Gain 132

3.6.2 Gain Factor 132

3.6.3 Decibel (dB) 133

3.6.4 dBm 135

3.6.5 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP) 136

3.6.6 Delays in the DAS 136

3.6.7 Offset of the Cell Size 139

4 Distributed Antenna Systems 141

4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best? 141

4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS 142

4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools 142

4.1.3 Combine the Tools 143

4.2 Passive Components 143

4.2.1 General 143

4.2.2 Coax Cable 143

4.2.3 Splitters 144

4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters 145

4.2.5 Attenuators 146

4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators 147

4.2.7 Circulators 147

4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90° Hybrid) 148

4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components 150

4.2.10 Filters 151

4.3 The Passive DAS 151

4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS 151

4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS 153

4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS 154

4.4 Active DAS 154

4.4.1 Easy to Plan 155

4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings 155

4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium¿size Buildings 159

4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS 160

4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions 163

4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink 163

4.5.2 DL Antenna Power 163

4.5.3 Antenna Supervision 164

4.5.4 Installation Challenges 164

4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS 164

4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions 166

4.6.1 In¿line BDA Solution 166

4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS 167

4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage 168

4.7 Indoor DAS for MIMO Applications 171

4.7.1 Calculating the Ideal MIMO Antenna Distance Separation for Indoor DAS 171

4.7.2 Make Both MIMO Antennas 'Visible' for the Users 173

4.7.3 Passive DAS and MIMO 178

4.7.4 Pure Active DAS for MIMO 179

4.7.5 Hybrid DAS and MIMO 181

4.7.6 Upgrading Existing DAS to MIMO 181

4.8 Using Repeaters for Indoor DAS Coverage 182

4.8.1 Basic Repeater Terms 184

4.8.2 Repeater Types 189

4.8.3 Repeater Considerations in General 192

4.9 Repeaters for Rail Solutions 195

4.9.1 Repeater Principle on a Train 195

4.9.2 Onboard DAS Solutions 197

4.9.3 Repeater Features for Mobile Rail Deployment 197

4.9.4 Practical Concerns with Repeaters on Rail 199

4.10 Active DAS Data 200

4.10.1 Gain and Delay 201

4.10.2 Power Per Carrier 202

4.10.3 Bandwidth, Ripple 202

4.10.4 The 1 dB Compression Point 203

4.10.5 IP3 Third¿order Intercept Point 204

4.10.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter¿modulation 205

4.10.7 Spurious Emissions 205

4.10.8 Noise Figure 205