List of contributors; Foreword; Preface; List of abbreviations; Part I. Optogenetics in Model Organisms: 1. Introduction to optogenetics: from neuronal function to mapping and disease biology; 2. Uncovering key neurons for manipulation in mammals; 3. From connectome to function: using optogenetics to shed light on the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system; 4. From synapse to behaviour: optogenetic tools for investigation of the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system; 5. Using optogenetics in vivo to stimulate regeneration in Xenopus laevis; Part II. Opsin Biology, Tools and Technology Platform: 6. Sodium and engineered potassium light-driven pumps; 7. Simultaneous electrophysiology and optogenetic stimulation methods; 8. Role of electrical activity in horizontal axon growth in the developing cortex: a time-lapse study using optogenetic stimulation; 9. Development of an optogenetic tool to regulate protein stability in vivo; 10. Photo-activatable nucleotide cyclases for synthetic photobiology applications; 11. Bioluminescence activation of light-sensing molecules; Part III. Optogenetics in Neurobiology, Brain Circuits and Plasticity: 12. Optogenetics for neurological disorders: what is a path to the clinic?; 13. Optogenetic control of astroglia; 14. Optogenetics for neurohormones and neuropeptides: focus on oxytocin; 15. Optogenetic approaches to investigate brain circuits; 16. Optogenetic mapping of neuronal connections and their plasticity; Part IV. Optogenetics in Learning, Neuro-psychiatric Diseases and Behavior: 17. Optogenetics to study reward learning and addiction; 18. Optogenetics and the dissection of neural circuits underlying depression and substance-use disorders; 19. Optogenetics research in behavioral neuroscience: insights into the brain basis of reward learning and goal-directed behavior; 20. An optogenetic approach to treat epilepsy; 21. Using optogenetics and stem cells-derived neural engraftment techniques to restore lost motor function; Part V. Optogenetics in Vision Restoration and Memory: 22. Optogenetics in treating retinal disease; 23. Optogenetics for vision recovery: from traditional to designer optogenetic tools; 24. A promise of vision restoration; 25. Holographic Optical Neural Interfacing (HONI) with retinal neurons; 26. Strategies for restoring vision by transducing a channelrhodopsin gene into retinal ganglion cells; 27. Optogenetic dissection of a top-down prefrontal-to-hippocampus memory circuit; Part VI. Optogenetics in Sleep, Prosthetics and Epigenetics of Neurodegenerative Diseases: 28. Optogenetic dissection of sleep-wake control: evidence for a thalamic control of sleep architecture; 29. Optogenetics and auditory implants; 30. Optogenetic stimulation for cochlear prosthetics; 31. The role of amino acids in neurodegenerative and addictive diseases; 32. Applications of combinations of deep brain stimulation and optogenetics: ethical considerations: an epilogue.