Shahzada Ahmad is Professor at the Basque Center for Materials Applications & Nanostructures (BCMaterials). Prior to his current position, Dr. Ahmad has worked as program director at Abengoa Research. After his PhD in the field of materials chemistry he was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany, and worked on surface and interface studies. Dr. Ahmad is a prolific author and has authored more than 100 publications in the fields of physical chemistry, nanotechnology and materials science with a research mission to develop advanced materials for energy application.

Samrana Kazim is senior researcher at the Basque Center for Materials Applications & Nanostructures (BCMaterials). After her PhD, she moved to the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic, on a IUPAC/UNESCO fellowship. Before joining BCMaterials, she worked as senior scientist at Abengoa Research for four years. Her field of research interest includes perovskite solar cells, plasmonics, hybrid inorganic-organic nanocomposites. She has authored 40 research articles in peer-reviewed international journals, has co-authored two book chapters and is co-inventor of five patents.

Michael Grätzel is Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, and directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces. He pioneered research in the field of energy and electron transfer reactions in mesoscopic systems and their use in energy conversion systems. With an h factor of 218, Michael Grätzel is one of the three most highly cited chemists in the world. His recent awards include the RUSNANO Prize, an honorary doctorate of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Paris-Cachan, the Global Energy Prize, the Zewail Prize and Medal, and the Centenary Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). He is a member of the Swiss Chemical Society and an elected member of the German Academy of Science (Leopoldina) as well as Honorary member of the Israeli Chemical Society, the Bulgarian Academy of Science and the Société Vaudoise de Sciences Naturelles.

Foreword xv 1 Chemical Processing of Mixed-Cation Hybrid Perovskites: Stabilizing Effects of Configurational Entropy 1Feray Ünlü, Eunhwan Jung, Senol Öz, Heechae Choi, Thomas Fischer, andSanjay Mathur 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Crystal Structure of Perovskites 4 1.3 Multiple A-Site Cation Perovskites 12 1.3.4 Guanidinium Large-Cation Influence on Perovskite Structure for Stability 16 1.3.5 Triple- and Quadruple-Cation Hybrid Perovskites for Stability and Optimum Performance 17 1.3.6 Larger Organic Cations: Reducing Dimensionality for Improved Thermal Stability 20 1.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 22 Acknowledgments 24 References 24 2 Flash Infrared Annealing for Processing of Perovskite Solar Cells 33Sandy Sánchez and Anders Hagfeldt 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Perovskite Crystal Nucleation and Growth from Solution 34 2.3 Rapid Thermal Annealing 37 2.4 Structural Analysis of FIRA-Annealed Perovskite Films with Variable Pulse Time 50 2.5 A Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Method 57 2.6 Application for MAPI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 60 2.7 Planar Devices Architecture and Mixed Perovskite Composition 64 2.8 Pulsed FIRA for Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 67 2.9 Rapid Manufacturing of PSCs with an Adapted Perovskite Chemical Composition 71 2.10 Outlook and Technical Details 75 2.11 Experimental Methods 80 List of Abbreviations 83 Acknowledgments 84 References 84 3 Passivation of Hybrid/Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 91
Muhammad Akmal Kamarudin and Shuzi Hayase 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Conclusion 107 References 108 4 Tuning Interfacial Effects in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 113Rafael S. Sánchez, Lionel Hirsch, and Dario M. Bassani 4.1 Strategies for Interfacial Deposition and Analysis 113 4.2 Defect Formation in PS Films and Interfaces 118 4.3 Passivation Strategies of PS 126 4.4 Measuring and Tuning the Work Function and Surface Potential in PSC 130 4.5 Tuning the Wettability and Compatibility Between Layers 138 4.6 Effect on Device Efficiency and Lifetime 142 4.7 Conclusions and Prospects 153 References 154 5 All-inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 175
Yaowen Li and Yongfang Li 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Basic Knowledge of All-inorganic Pero-SCs 176 5.3 Lead-Based Inorganic Pero-SCs 179 5.4 Tin-Based Inorganic Pero-SCs 200 5.5 Other Inorganic Pero-SCs 204 5.6 Conclusion 209 References 210 6 Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 223Thomas Stergiopoulos 6.1 Introduction 223 6.2 Why Tin Halide Perovskites? 223 6.3 Concerns About Tin-Based Perovskites 225 6.4 Control of Hole Doping 227 6.5 Films Deposition 231 6.6 Contacts/Interface Engineering 234 6.7 Ongoing Challenges 235 6.8 Conclusion 241 Acknowledgments 242 References 242 7 Low-Temperature and Facile Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional Materials as Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells 247Shao Hui, Najib H. Ladi, Han Pan, Yan Shen, and Mingkui Wang 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Charge Transport in Perovskite Solar Cells 249 7.3 Brief Development of Perovskite Solar Cells 251 7.4 Functions and Requirements of Electron Transport Layer 253 7.5 Features and Advantages of Two-Dimensional Electron Transport Materials 256 7.6 Van der Waals Heterojunctions 256 7.7 Quantum Confinement Effect in Two-Dimensional Electron Transport Materials and Its
Application 258 7.8 Other Physical Properties of Two-Dimensional Electron Transport Materials 259 7.9 Synthesis of Various Two-Dimensional Materials 260 7.10 Application of Two-Dimensional Material as an Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells 262 7.11 Conclusion and Outlook 266 List of Abbreviations 267 References 268 8 Metal Oxides in Stable and Flexible Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Toward Self-Powered Internet of Things 273Carlos Pereyra, Haibing Xie, Amir N. Shandy, Vanessa Martínez, HenckPierre, Elia Santigosa, Daniel A. Acuña-Leal, Laia Capdevila, Quentin Billon,Löis Mergny, María Ramos-Payán, Mónica Gomez, Bindu Krishnan, MariaMuñoz, David M. Tanenbaum, Anders Hagfeldt, and Monica Lira-Cantu 8.1 Introduction 273 8.2 Metal Oxides in Normal (n-i-p), Inverted (p-i-n) and "Oxide-Sandwich" Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 275 8.3 Mesoporous Metal Oxide Bilayers in Highly Stable Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 277 8.4 Solution-Processable Metal Oxides for Flexible Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 288 8.5 Characterization of PSC by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 294 8.6 Conclusions 299 Acknowledgments 299 References 300 9 Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 311Fatemeh Jafari, Mehrad Ahmadpour, Um Kanta Aryal, Mariam Ahmad,Michela Prete, Naeimeh Torabi, Vida Turkovic, Horst-Günter Rubahn, AbbasBehjat, and Morten Madsen 9.1 Introduction 311 9.2 Requirements of Ideal Electron Transport Layers (ETL) 312 9.3 Overview of Electron Transport Materials 314 9.4 The Architectures of Perovskite Solar Cells 321 Acknowledgments 324 References 324 10 Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells 331Meenakshi Pegu, Shahzada Ahmad, and Samrana Kazim 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells 334 10.3 Dopant-Free Organic HTMs for Perovskite Solar Cells 340 10.4 Conclusion and Outlook 356 Acknowledgments 356 List of Abbreviations 356 References 359 11 Impact of Monovalent Metal Halides on the Structural and Photophysical Properties of Halide Perovskite 369 Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi and M. Ibrahim Dar 11.1 Introduction 369 11.2 Metal Halides 369 11.3 Monovalent Metal Halides 370 11.4 Impact of Monovalent Metal Halides on the Morphological, Structural and Optoelectronic Properties of Perovskites 372 11.5 Impact of Monovalent Metal Halides on Photovoltaic Device Characterizations 378 References 384 12 Charge Carrier Dynamics in Perovskite Solar Cells 389
Mohd T. Khan, Abdullah Almohammedi, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad 12.1 Introduction 389 12.2 Space Charge-Limited Conduction 390 12.3 Immitance Spectroscopy 395 12.4 Transient Spectroscopy 413 12.5 Conclusion 423 Acknowledgments 424 References 424 13 Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 431
Daiyu Li, Yaoguang Rong, Yue Hu, Anyi Mei, and Hongwei Han 13.1 Introduction 431 13.2 Device Structures and Working Principles 432 13.3 Progress of Efficiency and Stability 433 13.4 Scaling-up of Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 438 13.5 Conclusions 449 References 449 14 Upscaling of Perovskite Photovoltaics 453Dongju Jang, Fu Yang, Lirong Dong, Christoph J. Brabec, and Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf 14.1 Introduction 453 14.2 Techniques for Upscaling 457 14.3 State-of-the-art of Large-Area High-Quality Perovskite Devices 467 14.4 Strategies of Upscaling of Perovskite Devices 471 14.5 Module Layout 481 14.6 Lifetime Aspects 484 14.7 Summary and Outlook 486 References 489 15 Scalable Architectures and Fabrication Processes of Perovskite Solar Cell Technology 497Ghufran S. Hashmi 15.1 Background 497 15.2 Scalable Device Designs of Perovskite Solar Cells 501 15.3 Critical Overview on Scalable Materials Deposition Methods 509 15.4 Nutshell of Long-Term Device Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules 513 15.5 Conclusive Summary and Futuristic Outlook 514 References 515 16 Multi-Junction Perovskite Solar Cells 521
Suhas Mahesh and Bernard Wenger 16.1 Introduction 521 16.2 Perovskite-Silicon Tandems 529 16.3 Perovskite-Perovskite Tandems 536 16.4 Characterizing Tandems 538 16.5 Commercialization 539 16.6 Outlook 542 References 543 Index 549