Acknowledgments vii

Introduction: Pictures and Progress / Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith 1

1. "A More Perfect Likeness": Frederick Douglass and the Image of the Nation / Laura Wexler 18

2. "Rightly Viewed": Theorizations of the Self in Frederick Douglass's Lecture on Pictures / Ginger Hill 41

3. Shadow and Substance: Sojourner Truth in Black and White / Augusta Rohrbach 83

Snapshot 1. Unredeemed Realities: Augustus Washington / Shawn Michelle Smith 101

4. Mulatta Obscura: Camera Tactics and Linda Brent / Michael Chaney 109

5. Who's Your Mama?: "White" Mulatta Genealogies, Early Photography, and Anti-Passing Narratives of Slavery and Freedom / P. Gabrielle Foreman 132

6. Out from Behind the Mask: Paul Laurence Dunbar, the Hampton Institute Camera Club, and Photographic Performance of Identity / Ray Sapirstein 167

Snapshot 2. Reproducing Black Masculinity: Thomas Askew / Shawn Michelle Smith 204

7. Louis Agassiz and the American School of Ethnoeroticism: Polygenesis, Pornography, and Other "Perfidious Influences" / Suzanne Schneider 211

8. Framing the Black Soldier: Image, Uplift, and the Duplicity of Pictures / Maurice O. Wallace 244

Snapshot 3. Unfixing the Frame(-up): A. P. Bedou / Shawn Michelle Smith 267

9. "Looking at One's Self through the Eyes of Others": W. E. B. Du Bois's Photographs for the Paris Exposition of 1900 / Shawn Michelle Smith 274

10. Ida B. Wells and the Shadow Archive / Leigh Raiford 299

Snapshot 4. The Photographer's Touch: J. P. Ball / Shawn Michelle Smith 321

11. No More Auction Block for Me! / Cheryl Finley 329

Bibliography 349

Contributors 369

Index 373