Preface xi

Part I HISTORICAL THINKING 1

1 THE USES OF HISTORY 3

Exercises Set A 8

Exercises Set B 10

2 THE NATURE OF HISTORY: HISTORY AS RECONSTRUCTION 13

Exercises Set A 21

Exercises Set B 24

3 HISTORICAL THINKING: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 27

Exercises Set A 37

Exercises Set B 39

4 HISTORICAL THINKING: MULTIPLE CAUSALITY IN HISTORY 43

Exercises Set A 55

Exercises Set B 60

5 HISTORICAL THINKING: CONTEXT 65

Exercises Set A 73

Exercises Set B 77

6 HISTORY WRITING: TELLING A STORY 83

Exercises Set A 91

Exercises Set B 98

Part II CONFRONTING THE HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 101

7 LIBRARIES: REAL AND VIRTUAL 103

Exercises Set A 115

Exercises Set B 124

8 READING HISTORY 131

Exercises Set A 141

Exercises Set B 149

9 HISTORY ON FILM 151

Exercise 165

Part III DOING HISTORY 167

10 EVIDENCE 169

Exercises Set A 179

Exercises Set B 188

11 ORAL HISTORIES, STATISTICS, AND PHOTOGRAPHS 197

Exercises Set A 211

Exercises Set B 214

12 INTERPRETATION 217

Exercises Set A 227

Exercises Set B 234

13 WRITING FOR YOUR READER 241

Exercises Set A 249

Exercises Set B 250

Part IV HISTORIOGRA PHY 253

14 THE HISTORY OF HISTORY 255

Exercise 269

15 HISTORY AND THE DISCIPLINES 271

Exercises 279

appendix A: FUR TRADE ON THE UPPER MISSOURI RIVER: DOCUMENTS 287

appendix B: SOURCE REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES 295

appendix C: SAMPLE ORAL HISTORY RELEASE FORM 299

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 301

Index 307

Writing Capsules

1. Coherent Paragraphs: The Topic Sentence 10

2. The Literature Review 35

3. Essays: The Introduction 76

4. Integrating Quotations 97

5. The Précis 148

6. Coherent Paragraphs: Transitions 244